Реферат: American Holidays (14ш,1.5и,10л)
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«American Holidays»
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American Holidays
American Holidays is an introductory survey of the historical and social
background of American holidays.
People in every culture celebrate holidays. Although the word "holiday"
literally means "holy day," most American holidays are not religious, but
commemorative in nature and origin. Because the nation is blessed with rich
ethnic heritage it is possible to trace some of the American holidays to
diverse cultural sources and traditions, but all holidays have taken on a
distinctively American flavor. In the United States, the word "holiday" is
synonymous with "celebration! "
In the strict sense, there are no federal (national) holidays in the United
States. Each of the 50 states has jurisdiction over its holidays. In
practice, however, most states observe the federal ("legal or public ")
holidays, even though the President and Congress can legally designate
holidays only for federal government employees. The following ten holidays
per year are proclaimed by the federal government.
Martin Luther King Day
The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a black clergyman who is ranked
among the greatest of black Americans because of his crusade to win full
civil rights for his people. Preaching nonviolence, much in the same way as
had Mahatma Gandhi of India, Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke and campaigned
tirelessly to rid the United States of traditions and laws that forced on
black Americans the status of second-class citizens. Among these laws were
those in some states which required black people to take back seats in buses
or which obstructed voting by blacks.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, African Americans, led by Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr., used boycotts, marches, and other forms of nonviolent
protest to demand equal treatment under the law and an end to racial
prejudice. A high point of this civil rights movement came on August 28,
1963, when more than 200,000 people of all races gathered in front of the
Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., to hear King say: "I have a dream that
one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of
former slaveholders will be able to sit down together at the table of
brotherhood....I have a dream that my four little children will one day live
in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by
the content of their character."
Not long afterwards the U.S. Congress passed laws prohibiting discrimination
in voting, education, employment, housing, and public accommodations.
The world was shocked when Dr. King was assassinated in 1968. Ever since,
special memorial services have marked his birthday on January 15. By vote of
Congress, the third Monday of every January, beginning in 1986, is now a
federal holiday in Dr. King's honor.
Presidents' Day
Until the mid-1970s, the February 22 birthday of George Washington, hero of
the Revolutionary War and first president of the United States, was a
national holiday. In addition, the February 12 birthday of Abraham Lincoln,
the president during the Civil War (1861-1865), was a holiday in most states.
In the 1970s, Congress declared that in order to honor all past presidents of
the United States, a single holiday, to be called Presidents' Day, would be
observed on the third Monday in February. In many states, however, the
holiday continues to be known as George Washington's birthday.
Memorial Day
This holiday, on the fourth Monday of every May, is a day on which Americans
honor the dead. Originally a day on which flags and flowers were placed on
graves of soldiers who died in the American Civil War, it has become a day on
which the dead of all wars and all other dead are remembered the same way.
In 1971, along with other holidays, President Richard Nixon declared Memorial
Day a federal holiday on the last Monday in May. Cities all around the United
States hold their own ceremonies on the last Monday in May to pay respect to
the men and women who have died in wars or in the service of their country.
In many communities, special ceremonies are held in cemeteries or at
monuments for the war dead by veterans of military services. Some hold
parades and others hold memorial services or special programs in churches,
schools or other public meeting places.
Memorial Day is not limited to honor only those Americans from the armed
forces. It is also a day for personal remembrance. Families and individuals
honor the memories of their loved ones who have died. Church services, visits
to the cemetery, flowers on graves or even silent tribute mark the day with
dignity and solemnity.
On Memorial Day, the President or Vice President of the United States gives a
speech and lays a wreath on the tombs. Members of the armed forces shoot a
rifle salute in the air. Veterans and families come to lay their own wreaths
and say prayers. It is a day of reflection.
However, to many Americans the day also signals the beginning of summer with
a three-day weekend to spend at the beach, in the mountains or at home
relaxing.
Independence Day (July 4)
Independence Day is regarded as the birthday of the United States as a free
and independent nation. Most Americans simply call it the "Fourth of July,"
on which date it always falls.
The holiday recalls the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4,
1776. At that time, the people of the 13 British colonies located along the
eastern coast of what is now the United States were involved in a war over
what they considered unjust treatment by the king and parliament in Britain.
The war began in 1775. As the war continued, the colonists realized that they
were fighting not just for better treatment; they were fighting for freedom
from England's rule. The Declaration of Independence, signed by leaders from
the colonies, stated this clearly, and for the first time in an official
document the colonies were referred to as the United States of America.
It is a day of picnics and patriotic parades, a night of concerts and
fireworks. The flying of the American flag (which also occurs on Memorial Day
and other holidays) is widespread. On July 4, 1976, the 200th anniversary of
the Declaration of Independence was marked by grand festivals across the
nation.
Independence Day 2001 commemorated the 225th anniversary of the signing of
the U.S. Declaration of Independence.
Labor Day
This holiday, which always is observed on the first Monday of September has
been a federal holiday since 1894, but was observed in some places before
that day as a result of a campaign by an early organization of workers called
the Knights of Labor. Its purpose is to honor the nation's working people. In
many cities the day is marked by parades of working people representing the
labor unions.
Most Americans consider Labor Day the end of the summer, and the beaches and
other popular resort areas are packed with people enjoying one last three-day
weekend. For many students it marks the opening of the school year.
Columbus Day
This day commemorates Italian navigator Christopher Columbus' landing in the
New World on October 12, 1492. Most nations of the Americas observe this
holiday on October 12, but in the United States, annual observances take
place on the second Monday in October. The major celebration of the day takes
place in New York City, which holds a huge parade each year.
Veterans Day
Originally called Armistice Day, this holiday was established to honor
Americans who had served in World War I. It falls on November 11, the day
when that war ended in 1918, but it now honors veterans of all wars in which
the United States has fought.
Veterans' organizations hold parades or other special ceremonies, and the
president customarily places a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknowns at
Arlington National Cemetery, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C.
Thanksgiving
Thanksgiving Day is the fourth Thursday in November, but many Americans take
a day of vacation on the following Friday to make a four-day weekend, during
which they may travel long distances to visit family and friends.
The holiday dates back to 1621, the year after the Puritans arrived in
Massachusetts, determined to practice their dissenting religion without
interference. After a rough winter, in which about half of them died, they
turned for help to neighboring Indians, who taught them how to plant corn and
other crops. The next fall's bountiful harvest inspired the Pilgrims to give
thanks by holding a feast.
The Thanksgiving feast became a national tradition — not only because so many
other Americans have found prosperity but also because the Pilgrims'
sacrifices for their freedom still captivate the imagination.
To this day, Thanksgiving dinner almost always includes some of the foods
served at the first feast: roast turkey, cranberry sauce, potatoes, pumpkin
pie. Before the meal begins, families or friends usually pause to give thanks
for their blessings, including the joy of being united for the occasion.
Christmas
Christmas is a most important religious holy day for Christians, who attend
special church services to celebrate the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Because
it is a religious holiday, it is not an official holiday. However, since most
Americans are Christian, the day is one on which most businesses are closed
and the greatest possible number of workers, including government employees,
have the day off. Many places even close early on the day before.
Naturally Christians observe Christmas according to the traditions of their
particular church. Besides the strictly religious traditions, however, other
common Christmas practices are observed by people who are not religious or
who are not Christian. In this way, some Christmas traditions have become
American traditions.
Gift-giving is so common at Christmas time that for most stores it means a
sharp increase in sales. Stores, in fact, are full of shoppers from
Thanksgiving time in late November until the day before Christmas. This
situation has caused many religious people to complain that the religious
meaning of Christmas is being subverted, that Christmas has become
"commercial." Despite the criticism, Christmas shopping is a major activity
of many Americans in the month of December. Gifts are given to children,
members of the family and close friends. They are given to people who have
done favors to others or who work for them. Some people bake cookies or make
candies or other special food treats for friends and neighbors. Many
businesses give their workers a Christmas "bonus" - gifts of extra money - to
show appreciation for their work. Christmas is also a time when most
Americans show great generosity to other less fortunate than they. They send
money to hospitals or orphanages or contribute to funds that help the poor.
Most Americans send greeting cards to their friends and family at Christmas
time. Some people who are friends or relatives and live great distances from
each other may not be much in contact with each other during year - but will
usually exchange greeting cards and often a Christmas letter telling their
family news.
The decorating of homes for Christmas is very common. Most American who
observe Christmas have a Christmas tree in their homes. This may be a real
evergreen tree or an artificial one. In either case, the tree is decorated
and trimmed with small lights and ornaments. Other decorations such as lights
and wreaths of evergreen and signs wishing a "Merry Christmas" can be found
inside and outside of many homes.
In 1971, the dates of many federal holidays were officially moved to the
nearest Monday by then-President Richard Nixon. There are four holidays which
are not necessarily celebrated on Mondays: Thanksgiving Day, New Year's Day,
Independence Day and Christmas Day. When New Year's Day, Independence Day, or
Christmas Day falls on a Sunday, the next day is also a holiday. When one of
these holidays falls on a Saturday, the previous day is also a holiday.
Federal government offices, including the post office, are always closed on
all federal holidays. Schools and businesses close on major holidays like
Independence Day and Christmas Day but may not always be closed, for example,
on Presidents' Day or Veterans' Day.
Federal holidays are observed according to the legislation of individual
states. The dates of these holidays, and others, are decided upon by each
state government, not by the federal (national) government. Each state can
agree on the same date that the President has proclaimed, such as
Thanksgiving Day. State legislation can also change the date of a holiday for
its own special commemoration. Cities and towns can decide not to celebrate a
federal legal holiday at all. However, the majority of the states (and the
cities and towns within them) usually choose the date or day celebrated by
the rest of the nation. There are other "legal" or "public" holidays which
are observed at the state or local level. The closing of local government
offices and businesses will vary. Whether citizens have the day off from work
or not depends on local decisions.
